The Bangladeshi Formed Police Units (FPU) stand out as a pivotal entity in maintaining peace and security on a global scale, underscoring the nation’s dedication to international peacekeeping operations (source). Bangladesh showed its commitment to promoting stability and harmony in regions affected by conflict and unrest. In addition, while earning accolades for its contributions to peacekeeping initiatives worldwide.
Bangladesh has established itself as a supporter of global peacekeeping endeavours, demonstrated by its substantial involvement in United Nations (UN) missions (source). Throughout the years, the nation has participated in 56 missions, with a total number of 180,000 peacekeepers deployed (source).
Moreover, Bangladesh has shown its commitment to gender equality and operational effectiveness by pushing for all-female FPUs. These units, like the one serving in Haiti from 2015 to 2017, not only challenge traditional gender roles but also enhance mission capabilities by accessing and supporting communities where cultural norms may restrict male peacekeepers’ interactions, especially with women and children (source).
Bangladeshi all-female FPU
1. FPU Mottos, Symbols and History
The FPU operates under the broader symbols and mottos that reflect Bangladesh’s national pride and the values of peacekeeping. While specific emblems or mottos for the FPU are not widely publicised, the unit embodies the spirit of Bangladesh’s national symbols and the overarching commitment to international peace and security.
1.1 Mottos and Symbols
Bangladesh’s national symbolThe motto of the Bangladesh police is “শৃঙ্খলা নিরাপত্তা প্রগতি” which roughly translates to “discipline, safety, and human progress”. (source) Thus, highlighting the essence of the Bangladeshi FPU’s mission in peacekeeping operations. Underscoring the unit’s dedication to serving humanity, protecting the vulnerable, and maintaining peace in conflict zones.
Moreover, Bangladesh’s national symbols such as the national emblem featuring a water lilly (the national flower) surrounded by two sheaves of rice, symbolise prosperity and peace. (source)
Furthermore, above the water lily are four stars representing the four fundamental principles of Bangladesh’s constitution:
- Nationalism
- Socialism
- Democracy
- Secularism (source).
Though these symbols are national in scope, they resonate with the values upheld by the Bangladeshi FPU.
1.2 What is an FPU?
Formed Police Units (FPUs) play a pivotal role in UN peacekeeping operations, providing specialized capabilities for maintaining order and security in challenging environments. Each unit comprises about 140 well-trained and equipped officers who operate cohesively to handle complex policing tasks.
FPUs are designed to respond to various situations, including crowd control, protecting UN personnel and facilities, and supporting local police forces in maintaining public order.
Their deployment is guided by specific UN policies that outline their roles, composition, and the appropriate use of force, ensuring that FPUs contribute effectively to peacekeeping missions while adhering to international standards and respecting human rights. (source)
1.3 History of the Bangladeshi FPU
The FPU’s origins can be traced back to the need for special police units capable of handling complex security challenges effectively. Over the years, the unit has evolved to adapt to changing security dynamics and emerging threats, demonstrating versatility and readiness in addressing a wide range of security concerns.
In addition to its peacekeeping endeavours, FPUs have played a crucial role in helping to maintain internal security during times of civil unrest, natural disasters, and other emergencies. The unit’s swift response and effective coordination have been instrumental in safeguarding public safety and upholding the rule of law within Bangladesh.
Moreover, the FPU’s history is intertwined with the growth and development of the Bangladesh Police as an institution. Through training, modernization efforts, and capacity-building initiatives, the FPU has continually enhanced its capabilities to meet evolving security challenges both at home and abroad.
Ever since 1989 when Bangladesh took part in the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia the FPU started taking part in UN missions one after the other. This was the beginning of success stories which have flourished the fame of the FPU with a total number of 21,444 personnel in 23 UN missions up to date. (source)
The Bangladesh Police has been performing said duties with sincerity, professionalism, and dedication. Furthermore, they play a role in supporting disarmament and reintegration efforts, upholding law and order, safeguarding displaced and vulnerable individuals, aiding in humanitarian assistance, and defending human rights.
FPUs have also proven their capabilities in the Department of Peace Operations (DPO) in the UN’s Headquarters. The Bangladesh Police has shown their expertise in various different fields of policing such as Forensic, Footprint, Fingerprint, Ballistic, Democratic Policing, Community Policing and more. (source)
Bangladeshi UN Peacekeeper providing medical attention
2. Organisation
The Bangladeshi FPU operates under the aegis of the UN, yet it is deeply rooted in the national structure. It is a pivotal component of the Bangladesh Police, which falls under the Ministry of Home Affairs. This dual affiliation underscores a seamless integration of national commitment with international peacekeeping responsibilities. (source) (source)
2.1 Financing
Moreover, the financial architecture supporting the Bangladeshi FPU is multifaceted, drawing resources from the UN and the Government of Bangladesh. This funding model ensures the unit equips and prepares itself to undertake its duties across challenging states and volatile environments.
In addition, the commitment of the Bangladeshi government, supplemented by UN allocations, facilitates the operational readiness of the FPU. This enables them to respond effectively to international calls for peacekeeping.
Furthermore, while primarily a governmental entity dedicated to peacekeeping, the FPU’s organisational structure emphasizes efficiency, agility, and adaptability. This structure allows for rapid deployment and effective action in diverse operational contexts. Further, it is underpinned by a command hierarchy that ensures strict adherence to both UN mandates and national directives.
2.2 Recruitment and Training
The recruitment process for the Bangladeshi FPU is rigorous. It aims to select individuals who meet stringent physical and professional standards, and share a commitment to peacekeeping values. This process ensures that the FPU comprises highly skilled and motivated officers. Such officers are prepared to serve in challenging environments worldwide, enhancing the unit’s reputation for excellence in UN missions.
Moreover, the UN training curriculum for FPUs is designed to prepare units for the challenges of peacekeeping operations. This curriculum encompasses a wide range of topics essential for the effective functioning of FPUs in the field. (source)
The training course lasts around 8 weeks. And, covers a range of different skills necessary to perform well as a part of an FPU. The skills include (source):
- Firearms Training
- Basic Marksmanship
- Maintenance and Care
- Rules of Engagement
- Tactical Shooting
- Police Tactics and Techniques
- Patrolling
- Investigation Skills
- Negotiation and Mediation
- Protection of Civilians
- Public Order Management
- Crowd Control
- Riot Response
- Human Rights Considerations
- Command Staff Training
- Leadership Skills
- Operational Planning
- Communications
- Ethics and Conduct
Support from various international organisations and countries bolsters the operational success and establishment of the Bangladeshi FPU. This external assistance not only shows the global nature of peacekeeping efforts but also highlights the international community’s confidence in the Bangladeshi FPU’s ability to contribute effectively to UN missions.
(source)
Female Bangladeshi Police in Haiti
3. Equipment
The Bangladeshi formed police unit arsenal includes a variety of weapons that meet the demands of peacekeeping missions. The arsenal used by FPUs depend on the country of origin of the unit and whether it adheres to UN regulations. Moreover, use of weapons must follow the rules of minimum force and protection of civilians, which are cornerstones of UN standards. Therefore, they attempt to keep the escalation to the point of using firearms to a minimum. This means that specific information on the arsenal used by Bangladeshi FPUs is not readily available.
Nonetheless, other Bangladesh police specialised units such as the Special Security and Protection Battalion (SPBn) could provide insight into what the FPUs use (source):
- Glock 17
- Glock 19
- Heckler & Koch MP5
- Taurus SMT9C
In addition to firearms, the Bangladeshi FPU relies on a fleet of armoured vehicles, specifically Armoured Personnel Carriers (APCs), to ensure mobility and protection in conflict zones. As well as advanced optics such as binoculars, night vision devices, and surveillance equipment which enhance their situational awareness and allow for effective monitoring of peacekeeping areas. Moreover, they use protective gear including helmets, vests, batons, and shields to safeguard FPU members during crowd control activities and other high-risk operations. (source)
Bangladeshi FPU landing on site
4. Tactical–Operational Information
4.1 Operations
The Bangladeshi Formed Police Units (FPU) have demonstrated exceptional operational prowess in various UN peacekeeping missions, significantly contributing to stability and security in conflict zones with their flexible, professional, and committed approach to peace. Since 1988, Bangladesh has deployed FPUs in Lebanon, Yemen, Mali, and other states, participating in 56 missions across 40 countries and contributing around 180,000 troops. As of June 22, 2023, 7,000 Bangladeshi soldiers and police are serving in 10 different missions. (source)
4.1.1 Peacekeeping Missions
Furthermore, the following peacekeeping missions have seen deployments of Bangladeshi FPUs. (source):
- United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)
- Mission: To protect civilians, humanitarian personnel under imminent threat of physical violence, and support the DRC in peace efforts.
- Bangladeshi involvement: Contribute both FPUs and military personnel to MONUSCO, playing a significant role in protection and stabilisation efforts in the region. (source)
- United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)
- Mission: To support protect civilians, contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights, and help restore Malian cultural heritage.
- Bangladeshi involvement: Support stabilisation efforts in Mali. (source)
- United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA)
- Mission: To protect civilians, support transition processes, facilitate humanitarian assistance, and promote and protect human rights.
- Bangladeshi involvement: Contribute FPUs as a security force, protect civilians, and support the mission’s objectives in CAR. (source)
- United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
- Mission: To oversee the withdrawal of Israeli troops from Lebanon and assist the Lebanese government in restoring its authority in the area.
- Bangladeshi involvement: Contribute to peace and security in the region through FPUs and military personnel. (source)
- United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)
- Mission: To protect civilians, support the delivery of humanitarian aid, and support implementation of the peace agreement.
- Bangladeshi involvement: Protecting civilians and facilitating humanitarian assistance. (source)
- United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH)
- Mission: To make the country stable, promote the political process, strengthen government institutions, and protect human rights.
- Bangladeshi involvement: Contribute FPUs to security and stabilisation efforts until the mission’s conclusion. (source)
- United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA)
5.2 Core purpose, Tactics & Personnel
The core purpose of Bangladeshi formed police units within conflicts is to uphold peace and security by enforcing law and order, protecting civilians, and supporting the mandate of the United Nations. They play a crucial role in maintaining stability in volatile regions and contributing to the overall mission objectives of peacekeeping operations.
In addition, the tactical employment of personnel and equipment by the Bangladeshi FPU is characterised by:
- Community Engagement: Engaging with local communities to build trust and gather intelligence.
- Rapid Response: Deploying quickly to hotspots to manage outbreaks of violence or disturbances.
- Crowd Control: Utilising non-lethal measures for crowd management during protests or gatherings.
- Security Patrols: Conducting regular patrols to deter criminal activities and maintain a visible presence. (source) (source)
Moreover, the Bangladeshi FPU typically consists of approximately 140 well-trained and equipped police officers who operate as a cohesive unit in UN peacekeeping missions. While specific figures may vary based on mission requirements, this rough estimate provides an overview of the unit’s size and operational capacity.
Furthermore, the strategic importance of the Bangladeshi FPU within UN peacekeeping missions cannot be overstated. Their dedication, professionalism, and operational effectiveness also make them a critical asset in maintaining stability and security in conflict-affected regions, showcasing their commitment to international peacekeeping efforts.
Bangladeshi FPU UN Peacekeepers
5. The future for the Bangladeshi FPU
The future outlook for the Bangladeshi Formed Police Unit (FPU) in United Nations peacekeeping missions is poised for continued efficiency and strategic evolution. Moreover, as a key contributor to UN peace operations, the Bangladeshi FPU is expected to adapt to emerging dynamics in conflicts and enhance its organisational capabilities to meet evolving challenges. The future for the FPU could involve the following several strategies:
- Enhanced Specialisation: The FPU will focus on specialised areas like conflict resolution, community policing, and advanced security operations to optimise their effectiveness in diverse peacekeeping environments.
- Technological Integration: Embracing advanced technologies such as drones, surveillance systems, and communication tools will enhance situational awareness and operational efficiency, improving response capabilities and coordination during missions.
- Training and Capacity Building: Continued investment in training programs will elevate the skills of FPU members, ensuring they are well-prepared to handle complex peacekeeping challenges and enhancing their operational effectiveness.
- Strategic Partnerships: Strengthening collaborations with UN bodies, international organisations, and regional partners will expand the FPU’s operational reach and resources, facilitating knowledge sharing and joint initiatives to enhance their impact in peacekeeping missions.
- Gender Inclusivity: Continuing to focus on gender inclusivity and diversity within the unit will promote a more effective approach to peacekeeping, enhancing operational capabilities and fostering a more inclusive peacekeeping force.
- Adaptation to New Threats: Anticipating and adapting to emerging security threats like cyber threats, terrorism, and unconventional warfare tactics is crucial for the FPU’s future readiness, ensuring they remain at the forefront of international peacekeeping efforts.
6. Conclusion
Bangladeshi formed police units are a dedicated supporter of global peacekeeping efforts, showcasing Bangladesh’s unwavering commitment to international peace and security. Furthermore, through active participation in UN missions, the FPU has demonstrated professionalism, discipline, and a strong sense of duty, earning recognition for its contributions worldwide.
Rooted in service and sacrifice, the FPU embodies Bangladesh’s values of promoting stability, protecting the vulnerable, and maintaining peace in challenging environments. The unit’s outlook focuses on specialisation, technology integration, training, partnerships, gender inclusivity, and adapting to new threats to enhance operational effectiveness and readiness.
Understanding the Bangladeshi FPU is crucial for its pivotal role in global peacekeeping. With professionalism and dedication, the FPU maintains stability in conflict zones, serving as a beacon of hope for international peace and security.